This study aimed to evaluate population characteristics of Macrobrachium amazonicum in the Caçu hydroelectric plant reservoir, on the Claro river, in Caçu, state of Goiás, and which environmental variables (pH, turbidity, conductivity, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and phosphorus) influence the intraspecific structure of the population, during the period from September 2021 to September 2022. The specimens were collected in periods of drought and rain, then, in the laboratory, they were categorized into young males, adult males, young females, adult females, ovigerous females and undefined juveniles, the Total Length (CT), Carapace Length (CC) and Weight were also measured. During the sampled period, individuals considered undefined were the majority throughout the campaign (41.03%), followed by males (22.33%) and non-ovigerous females (34.37%) and ovigerous females (2.26%). This greater presence of individuals may be related to the capture area, with a depth of less than 1m, or also that the population may be characterized as a young population. A greater abundance of individuals was observed in places with margins classified in the category of open field with grasses, the most characteristic places in the region. The environmental variables analyzed in relation to abundance were considered significant according to the canonical correspondence analysis. The turbidity parameter was the only one that showed no correlation with CT. The high number of juveniles and the smaller size of males compared to females can provide more information about the different geographically distributed populations of M. amazonicum, mainly about the region where the study took place, a reservoir of a hydroelectric plant. Thus, the study provides valuable information to complement the literature regarding the adaptability of the species in different types of habitats and help assertively define the conservation and management of different types of populations of M. amazonicum, including its place of presence , as this is an important resource for the region's ecosystem.

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a technology that provides detailed measurements of forest structure in high resolution over large areas, facilitating assessments of forest carbon stocks in intact and degraded forest types. Due to the need for more detailed spatial information on how the degradation of carbon stocks occurs due to anthropogenic disturbances, the objective was (a) to verify if there is a significant difference and to accurately estimate the average carbon per hectare of different forest types using airborne LiDAR, (b) detail the edge effects on carbon stock variability and the threshold of these effects. This study was conducted in areas of native and secondary forest in the extreme south of Bahia, at RPPN Estação Veracel. The LiDAR point cloud in the RPPN area was used to quantify aboveground carbon and obtain metrics, historical land use and land cover data, and distance data from forest edges within the RPPN boundaries. For modeling, we used Mixed Generalized Linear Models (GLMM), and the breakpoint of the edge effect and the slope for each vegetation type were analyzed with piecewise linear regression. Our results showed significant differences between the carbon stocks of primary and secondary forests (p>0.001) even after a long time since the end of the disturbance. The relationship between slope and carbon stock may be related to land use history. We also found how edge effects influence forest degradation: in primary forests, the first 182 meters impact 25.07% of the carbon stock, and after this threshold tends to stabilize, while in the secondary forest, the first 48 meters impact 56.63% of the carbon stocks. Our results can be used to specify a spatially explicit relationship between edge effects and carbon stocks. Many solutions for climate mitigation based on native forests still do not have the best scientific information available to assess the variability of ecosystem services with high precision.

The aim was to build a glossary in LIBRAS in the area of Biosystems. Construction of the glossary on various aspects related to Biosystems, especially in the field of fish farming.

The present work is the result of the characterization of the disposition of the use of agricultural mechanization, in the production of cocoa in a family farming area of lot 42 in Colônia de Una. The results were achieved through the operational performance of agricultural implements with the objective of evaluating the best strategy to increase productivity, through a survey of existing implements and machines in the research area, calculation of the machinery's execution time; In addition to productivity analysis based on time and motion studies. And so, optimize costs in agricultural production and promote strategies for using machinery collectively through scheduling. Trinidad-type cloned cocoa management was identified, and how implements and machines were used in preparation for its planting. Determination of mechanized operation, area cleaning, soil preparation, planting and cultural treatments. The mechanization index was determined from the survey of operations and number of mechanized sets. It was possible to notice that mechanization is present in all cocoa planting activities. It can be concluded that from the implementation of control in mechanized operations in soil preparation, it allows the family farmer to have less operating costs based on the calculation of the time spent in mechanized operations. So, if the tractor and the implements are shared like those of the cooperatives, there is a better use strategy in a more optimized way.

This research is divided into two chapters. The first reviews the integration of ecological-functional processes and carbon storage in forest restoration experiments in Brazil, the systematic review followed the protocol developed by Pullin and Stewart (2006), keywords and Boolean operators were determined for later consultation in databases of Web of Sience and Scopus, the final set included 19 documents that met the criteria in 14 journals published between 2015 and June 2022, recording 75 experimental forest restoration units. Linear regression models were applied to measure the effect of the studied variables on the aboveground biomass (AGB) content, found significant relationships between the type of passive restoration, temperature and precipitation with the AGB content, in addition, they obtained Higher AGB levels were found in experiments that used a mixture of native and introduced species in forest restoration. The second chapter shows the results of monitoring 771 seedlings of 54 forest species planted in 2011 in 8 forest restoration areas in the National Forest of Goytacazes, Linhares. The objective was centered on analyzing which species groups led to better results in the growth and survival of the planted species and for the same aimed at a more efficient forest restoration, for which quarterly monitoring was carried out in the years 2012, 2013 and 2014 to collect data on mortality, herbivory, regrowth and functional traits: height (H) and crown diameter (DDC), wood density (DMS), maximum diameter (Dmax) and maximum height (Hmax). Functional groups of the monitored species were calculated, obtaining 2 functional groups, thus, Functional Group 1 (GF1) formed by 9 species achieved lower mortality cups (4.85 %) and herbivory (0.89 %), and higher regrowth cups (3.07 %) compared to Functional Group 2 (GF2) (5.14 %, 0.91 %, 1.49 %) composed of 45 species. In addition, GF1 species aim to achieve greater growth in terms of Hmax and DMS (maximum values) compared to GF2 species, but GF2 until the last year of monitoring reached a higher average than GF1 while H and DDC, in addition, the Wilcoxon Mann Whitney Test confirmed a higher median of H and DDC values in GF2 compared to GF1.

                                                                 The present dissertation seeks to evaluate how the process of closing the landfill in ItabunaBA is taking place. Does such a transition guarantee the socio-environmental and economic insertion of recyclable material collectors, through the scheduled, formulated and implemented Public Policies? The general objective is to evaluate the inclusive socioenvironmental and economic aspects of public policies implemented in the transition process from the closure of the dump to the sanitary landfill in Ilhéus-BA. And the specific objectives focus on analyzing the transition process from closing the dump to the sanitary landfill and the positive or negative impacts on the socio-environmental and economic inclusion of workers in the solid waste production chain, in addition to systematizing, through documents, the legal impositions , the motivations of the actors involved in the elaboration and execution of public policies carried out or in progress, as well as verifying the cycle and the positive or negative impacts of the practices adopted, in the perception of the beneficiaries, while also abstracting models of monitoring and evaluation of public policies of socio-environmental inclusion for those conditions. This research is of the qualitative and quantitative type with triangulation of secondary data and the method / techniques to be used to analyze and systematize the secondary data obtained through documentary research through documents and interviews will be Content Analysis. It is hoped that this study will contribute to the construction of scientific knowledge about the evaluation of public policies, mainly those of socio-environmental and economic inclusion of recyclable material collectors.

The crab, Ucides cordatus, is a semi-terrestrial species prevalent in mangrove areas. The species is found along the west coast of the Atlantic Ocean, from Florida (USA) to the state of Santa Catarina, in Brazil. According to Ordinance No. 034 of June 24, 2003, it is prohibited at any time, the capture, collection, transport, processing, industrialization and marketing of any individual of the species, U. cordatus whose carapace width is less than 6.0 cm (six centimeters). The present study proposes to evaluate population parameters such as: average size, sex ratio and sexual maturity of U. cordatus crabs. The collections were carried out between December 2018 and November 2019, using the "bracing" technique, in the district of Acupe, municipality of Santo Amaro - BA. After the collections, the individuals were packed in plastic bags, labeled and stored in thermal boxes and transported alive to the laboratory, where they were weighed, frozen and later sexual identification and biometry were performed. For relative growth analysis, the following measurements were established: carapace width (CL), carapace length (CL), right chelipod length (RCL), right chelipod height (RQH), left chelipod length (LCL), left chelipod height (LCH) and abdomen height (AB). A total of 298 specimens of Ucides cordatus were collected, 219 (73.48%) males and 79 (26.51%) females. When comparing the slopes of the regression line of juveniles and adults, significant values were observed for the relationships, LC x CQM and LC x CQm for males and LC x AB and LC x CQM for females. Males showed sexual morphological maturation from 54.55 mm, for the variables LC x CQM and 55.95 mm for the variables LC x CQm, showing that 50% of the population are able to reproduce with an average of 55.25 mm of carapace. For females, sexual morphological maturation occurred from 49.97 mm for LC x CQM and 50.74 mm for the variables LC x AB, showing that 50% of the females are fit to reproduce from 50.35 mm of carapace. Therefore, it is concluded that the legislation has presented great importance for the maintenance of the species, since by respecting the minimum capture size, 6 cm, the individuals of U. cordatus, have already reproduced at least once.

Cover crops are used in agricultural systems to increase organic matter content, nutrient cycling, and soil conservation. The study was conducted to evaluate the production of biomass, nutrient accumulation, decomposition rate of cover crops, and soil microbial biomass in monoculture cocoa and agroforestry systems. The experiment was carried out at Ceplac (Executive Commission of the Cocoa Farming Plan) in Ilhéus, BA. The experimental design was a randomized block design with a 3x4 factorial scheme, consisting of three treatments and four decomposition times, with four replications. The treatments consisted of three ground cover plants: 1) pigeon pea, 2) brachiaria grass, and 3) spontaneous vegetation. The decomposition rate was evaluated using litter bags. Dry mass and nutrient accumulation by the cover crops were determined. For the evaluation of soil microbial biomass, a comparison was made between the monoculture system with four treatments (1) grasses, (2) legumes, (3) spontaneous plants, and (4) bare soil, and the agroforestry system (cocoa + erythrina). Carbon and nitrogen of the microbial biomass, soil microbial activity, soil organic carbon, labile carbon, and total nitrogen were analyzed. Metabolic quotient and microbial quotient were calculated. The average dry mass production among the treatments was 10 Mg ha-1. The spontaneous vegetation and brachiaria treatments showed the highest accumulation of potassium. The highest decomposition rate occurred for spontaneous vegetation and brachiaria grass. Pigeon pea had the slowest decomposition rate, remaining on the soil for a longer time. The agroforestry system with cocoa cultivation showed higher values of microbial carbon, total nitrogen, soil organic carbon, labile carbon, and metabolic quotient compared to the monoculture system. Cocoa trees in monoculture system intercropped with legumes showed similar microbial biomass results to the agroforestry system. The study demonstrated that converting the agroforestry system to monoculture reduced soil microbial biomass. However, the use of legume cover crops has the potential to increase soil microbial biomass in the cocoa monoculture system, similar to the agroforestry system.

The Hileia Baiana presents species with diversified characteristics that are little explored, facing difficulties in the identification of its fauna and consequently in the conservation of this ecosystem. In this sense, the present research aimed to describe the morphophysiology of seeds and storage of forest species from Hileia Baiana. The experiments were carried out in the Seed Analysis Laboratory of the Arboretum Program and forest seeds of the following species were used: Aegiphila integrifolia (Jacq.), Diospyros lasiocalyx (Mart.) B. Wall and Margaritaria nobilis L. The water content was evaluated. , biometrics, mass of 1000 thousand seeds. In this way, it showed the standardization of the seeds of Aegiphila integrifolia, Apeiba tibourbou Aubl. and Margaritaria nobilis, as well as variability in the seed characters of Diospyros lasiocalyx. In the second chapter, it was determined the overcoming of seed dormancy using the following treatments: (T1) intact seeds; (T2) mechanical scarification with sandpaper nº 80; (T3) thermal scarification with distilled water at 100 ºC and immersion for 24 hours; (T4) immersion in gibberellic acid at 500 mg L-1 for 24 hours; (T5) immersion in PROGIBB solution at 500 mg L-1 for 24 hours; (T6) immersion in distilled water for 24 hours; (T7) mechanical scarification and immersion in distilled water for 24 hours and (T8) immersion in 2% sodium hypochlorite for 2 minutes and immersion in distilled water at 50 °C for 5 minutes. A. tibourbou showed 50% germination and emergence of D. lasiocalyx (33%), however it is still necessary to apply other methods for the germination of the other species. In the third chapter, the seeds were stored in a cold chamber at 5 °C in a 2 x 4 x 5 factorial scheme, with two types of packaging: plastic (waterproof) and paper (semipermeable), four storage methods: freezing in a freezer, powdered natural drying period of 24 hours, seeds with addition of fungicide, newly processed seeds and five storage times (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days). The water content found for the newly collected seeds was 37.26% and the weight of a thousand seeds was 65.20 g. The treatments proved to be inefficient for the conservation of the species, not resulting in the emergence of seeds. The newly processed seeds showed an average germination of 61%, thus, due to the difficulty of storing and conserving Sloanea obtusifolia in a longer period after processing, strategies must be taken into account, as a way of guaranteeing the permanence of the species and its Genetical diversity.

The intercropping of cover crops with perennial crops, especially fruit crops, is already a consolidated agricultural practice and provides improvements in the physical, chemical and biological quality of the soil. However, in cocoa full-sun plantations, this practice still needs to be evaluated. Thus, the study was developed with the objective of evaluating the soil fertility and mineral nutrition of cacao carried in a full sun system and intercropped with cover crops. The experiment was carried at CEPLAC (Comissão Executiva do Plano da lavoura Cacaueira) in Ilhéus, BA. The study was carried in a 4x2 factorial scheme, in randomized blocks, with four treatments, referring to the use of cover crops (brachiaria, fabaceae, spontaneous plants and without cover), four replications and two years of evaluations. The experiment was implemented in July 2019 with a spacing of 1.5m x 4.0m, between plants and interrows, respectively, with cacao trees of the CEPEC 2002 clone. Initial shading with cassava was used, which was completely suppressed for the implementation of cover crops in March 2020. The cover crops were implanted in the interrows of the experimental area, in March 2020, and the treatment of Fabaceae, as it is an annual species, was replanted in 2021. For the other treatments, there was no need for replanting in 2021. In 2020, harrowing was carried out in all interrows of the system and the implantation of the cover crops, seeded by hand with manual incorporation. After the full development of cover crops, in the two years evaluated, the production of dry mass was determined and mowing was carried out. In December 2020 and 2021, soil sampling was carried out for chemical analysis in the 0-20 cm layer and sampling of cocoa leaves to evaluate the nutritional composition. In the soil pH was determined in water and CaCl₂, macronutrients (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, S, P and K+), micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and B) and fertility parameters (Al³⁺, H+Al, SB, T, V, CTC, m and M.O). In the leaves it was determined: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and B. The cover crops produced high amount of dry mass, values considered adequate for the implementation of conservation systems. The consortium of Brachiaria with cocoa trees in a full sun system increased the levels of potassium in the soil approximately 3 times in relation to the initial levels of this element in the soil. In the two years of study, there was an increase in soil pH and boron micronutrient and a reduction in magnesium and iron. The use of cover crops in a full sun system decreased foliar nitrogen and zinc levels and increased potassium levels in the evaluated years. The treatments spontaneous vegetation, fabaceae and exposed soil, showed an increase in the levels of foliar phosphorus in relation to the treatment with brachiaria.

Ethnobotany is an area of ethnoscience that studies the relationship between people and plants, and therefore the way and which such plants are traditionally used. Within this perspective are the traditional peoples of candomblé temples, whose characteristic feature is the use of plants for medicinal purposes and also in their sacred rituals. This research is divided into two chapters: chapter I understand to a literature review on ethnobotany in religious communities of African origins in Brazil. The systematic review was carried out through searches for published works available in databases (e.g., Google academic, Scielo, Scopus and Web of Science), using keywords such as medicinal plants, candomblé, umbanda, sacred herbs, Ethnobotany and Afro-Brazilian religion. Chapter II presents partial data on medicinal and/or ritualistic plants used by two African-based religious communities in southern Bahia.wo Candomblé temples were researched in the municipalities of Arataca and Itabuna, Bahia. Data were collected through field visits using the main methods such as participant observation, free listing, semi-structured interview, guided tour, collection and identification of botanical material. Ninety-eight ethnobotanical species were found, of which 91 species of Angiosperms and one Pteridophyte were identified, The five families with the highest representation in number of species were Lamiaceae (13 spp.), Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae (6 spp.) each and Malvaceae (5 spp.). As for origin, 50 species were found to be native to Brazil, five being endemic, 35 cultivated, and 25 naturalized. As for the way of life form, 30 species were herbaceous, 28 shrubs, 26 trees, five climbers, two subshrubs, and one palm tree. The cited forms of use include baths, ebós, ornaments, incense, smoking, shaking, offerings, cleansing, teas, syrups, and uses in secret rituals. Chapter III refers to the elaboration of an informative booklet, with the objective of socializing the knowledge about the medicinal plants used in the temples. From the results found, we conclude that the candomblé temples are important environments for the rescue and appreciation of Brazilian Afro-religious culture, in addition to contributing to the preservation of plants.

Among the essential natural resources, water has a significant prominence, as its maintenance in ideal conditions is necessary for all types of life on the planet. However, several factors have caused negative impacts on water resources. Thus, for the proper management of water resources, it is essential to know the hydrological behavior of hydrographic basins, their flow variation regimes and, mainly, their relationships with the economic and socio-environmental agents present in the basin's contribution area. In this sense, this study was proposed, which aimed to test the hypothesis that there is a modelable relationship between the area of vegetation cover and the hydrological response in the watershed of the Cachoeira River, using SWAT. SWAT is a hydrological model that allows representing different physical processes in a watershed, such as evapotranspiration, infiltration, water flow, among others, with the objective of analyzing the impacts generated by changes in land use on the flow (surface and underground), sediment production and also water quality. Regarding land use in the basin, the increase in urbanized, mining and other non-vegetated areas for the period from 2010 to 2019 stands out.