To comply with Ordinance No. 2,607/GM of December 10, 2004, the Environmental Health Surveillance Information System on Soil Contamination (SISSSOLO) was implemented. SISSOLO aims to identify and prioritize areas with populations exposed to soil suspected of contamination. This work aimed to analyze the functionality of SISSOLO in the construction of maps to propose actions to promote and prevent health problems for the population exposed to soil contamination, with a case study in Porto Seguro. To demonstrate the applicability of the system, the following variables were selected: year, health region, number of registered areas, classification of registered areas according to the origin of contamination, estimated population exposed or potentially exposed to contamination and registered monitoring plan. After selecting the variables, quantitative analyzes of the data were carried out, in the period between 2007 and 2022. The files received analytical treatment using QGIS software in version 3.28 and the Coordinate Reference System (SRC) with code EPSG 31984, corresponding to the Geographic Coordinates system in Datum SIRGAS 2000 / UTM zone 24S. In the end, a map was constructed with the accumulation of occurrences of the historical series of events. The spatial distribution of registered cases points to a greater number of potentially exposed areas concentrated in the central region of Porto Seguro, however, there are records in Arraial D’Ajuda, Trancoso and Caraíva. It can be seen that, due to the spatial distribution, 90% of Porto Seguro districts have a register of potentially contaminated areas and that the year 2022 was the year with the greatest activity in the system, which had been inoperative. The population exposed in the registered areas represents a total of 25,750 people exposed to contaminated and/or potentially contaminated areas within the time frame. In 2007 and 2008, exposure to solid waste from different sources was noted, linked to inadequate waste disposal. Problems with human exposure to chemical contaminants found in contaminated areas can contribute to changing the epidemiological picture of the disease in populations. In this way, geoprocessing comes to appear as a technological tool of utmost importance when talking about the management of health systems that aims to streamline the process of reading data on the location of points with potential or confirmed contamination, giving more agility to the process. triggering intersectoral actions based on the current reality. The limitation of the work is the fact that SISSOLO is not a public domain system, which makes access to data difficult and the way in which data is presented makes automation and popularization of the system difficult. Furthermore, the system does not have any communication with other Health Surveillance information systems. The Ministry of Health also does not provide the geographic coordinates of notified diseases, nor does it provide SISSOLO data, which makes the mapping of occurrences online, impossible to accomplish.

The promotion of ecology is a controversial topic when it comes to agriculture, in general the economic return is weighted with greater weight, the present project consists of analyzing technical assistance actions from the perspective of promoting a positive environmental perception in rural agricultural properties family in the Territory of Southern Bahia, as a tool to contribute positively to the promotion of ecosystem services. The main objective is to contribute to the agroecological transition in the Discovery Coast Territory, through the analysis of technical assistance and rural extension actions. Bahia Produtiva program assisted by the Instituto Mãe Terra team. First, the contextualization of the author's trajectory and her affinity with the theme was carried out. In a second moment, a contextualization was carried out on the general panorama of the rural properties of the familiar agriculture under a look of the integral environmental adequacy, made a brief history on the technical assistance in Brazil and in the Territory of the South of Bahia. Third, after analyzing the activities carried out during the term of the technical assistance contract, pointing out the achievements.

The research demonstrates the historical evolution of normative instruments related to
environmental disasters suffered by humanity, since the 1970s, understanding the need to
implement Emergency Plans as a mandatory mechanism in environmental licensing, to
optimize the management of environmental risks adopted by the Brazilian Institute of the
Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) and, consequently, promote better
environmental protection of economic activities. Environmental licensing is considered a
relevant legal instrument for socio-environmental protection, the proper functioning of which
presupposes the adoption of mechanisms committed to present and future generations, in
addition to constituting a regulatory instrument for the socio-environmental relations
involved. The objective of the research is to understand and present ways to strengthen
SISNAMA's response capacity in environmental emergencies, with the legal requirement of
an Emergency Plan capable of limiting and mitigating environmental damage resulting from
these events, thus contributing to sustainable societies. The methodology was based on a
theoretical-normative review and documentary analysis based on institutional praxis. The
bibliographical research was carried out on different scientific bases, with the results mostly
dating from 2014. The documentary research used as main sources the terms of reference
issued by IBAMA, in addition to laws, decrees, normative instructions and other regulations
related to Plans. of emergency. CONAMA Resolution No. 398/2008 regulates the
enforceability of the instrument for installations linked to the petrochemical sector. The
legislation on dams establishes their obligation, but is silent regarding their requirement in
environmental licensing – as well as other related standards. The results demonstrated that
accidents with potential environmental impacts occur in different types subject to Federal
Environmental Licensing (LAF); point to the existence of specific legal requirements related
to Emergency Plans only in some types subject to the LAF; and demonstrate the existence of a
legislative gap to be filled, in Brazil, by regulation that makes it a mandatory mechanism in
the LAF, aiming to optimize the management of environmental risks. It is concluded that, by
weighing the legislative gap proven in the research with IBAMA's good practice regarding
environmental risk management, it is necessary to regulate the enforceability of the
Emergency Plan, through a normative instrument that is applicable to all the typologies that
involve environmental risk, in the context of the global risk society.

Microplastic (MP) is categorized as a new class of contaminants, presenting solid water-insoluble plastic particles with any size between 1 μm and 5,000 μm. Its origin occurs through industrial sources and the plastic fragmentation process that results in smaller particles, becoming a persistent and ubiquitous pollutant in the environment. The release of MPs into the environment can have several negative effects on ecosystems and human health, due to their hydrophobicity, which can adsorb organic pollutants, including persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals, becoming vectors of dangerous chemicals. In the human body, these compounds imitate natural hormones and disrupt the body's finely balanced endocrine system, resulting in a multitude
of diseases and disorders linked to hormonally active substances.
Conventional drinking water treatment is expected to provide an effective barrier for a wide range of particle sizes, as the presence of microplastics may have implications for toxicity. In this context, the objective of this work was to optimize a microplastic extraction method and investigate the presence of microplastics in water samples subjected to conventional treatment in the municipality of Porto Seguro – BA. Experimental studies were carried out in the laboratory using solutions of water (H2O) and sodium chloride (NaCl) to adjust the density that allows the floating of the six main types of polymers most used today, enabling their fluctuation and erosion for analysis. Results show an overall recovery rate of 80%, showing its application to be efficient, even in higher density polymers (PET and PVC) that have a lower return in the extraction and identification process. A high recovery efficiency was achieved for PVC, LDPE and PP, being close to 100%. Water samples from the treatment plant showed a greater proportion of fibers and a decrease in the number of particles at each stage of conventional treatment.

Aquatic macroinvertebrates play important roles in ecosystems and many of their representatives are considered bioindicators of environmental quality. This study aimed to understand the effects of glitter-type microplastics (MP) on these organisms, evaluating the ingestion, occurrence, and location of MP as a function of concentration, exposure time and taxonomic group and the occurrence of biomagnification and bioaccumulation in the trophic chain of aquatic macroinvertebrates. Three experiments were carried out, one lasting seven days, the second lasting 28 days, with specimens of Chironomidae, Culicidae, Psychodidae and Ostracoda; and a third experiment lasting 72 hours with Chironomidae, Culicidae, Odonata and Ostracoda. In the first experiment, the occurrence of PMwasobserved in 99% of the 247 individuals sampled in the first experiment, with a predominance of whole or fragmented particles, especially in the digestive tract. In the second experiment, with 296 individuals, there was an increase in the occurrence of PM with prolonged exposure, indicating the possible occurrence of bioaccumulation. Culicidae and Chironomidae were the most contaminated organisms over time, responding quickly to exposure, possibly due to their eating habits. These groups can be effective biomonitors of microplastic contamination in freshwater environments, helping to monitor this pollutant. The third experiment demonstrated the occurrence of trophic transfer of MP in aquatic macroinvertebrates. Contaminated prey has the potential to transfer MP to predators, but there was no evidence of a higher concentration of MP in predators. Although there is strong evidence of biomagnification, the need for additional studies is highlighted to better understand the processes of self-purification and accumulation of microplastics in organisms. The results of our investigations contribute to a better understanding of the impacts of microplastics on aquatic ecosystems and to the development of more effective monitoring and mitigation strategies.

Studies of pollen morphology that result in catalogs have been growing in recent decades in Brazil. In areas of the Atlantic Forest, especially in the State of Bahia, such studies are still scarce, despite the fact that this biome is home to around 36% of the Brazilian flora. The study was aimed at proposing a protocol for drawing up the pollen florula of the FLORAS Botanical Garden, which has a remnant of Atlantic Forest in the extreme south of Bahia, Brazil, and to describe the pollen morphology of some endemic plant species that occur in this area. To do this, flower buds were collected from the exsiccates deposited in the Prof. Geraldo C. P. Pinto Herbarium (GCPP), referring to the floristic surveys previously carried out in the Garden. The pollen material collected was acetolyzed, the pollen grains were measured, described and photodigitized under light microscopy. The published protocol recommends a general plan for additions to the local pollen florula, with a list of families, palynological techniques and the standard of description to be adopted. The pollen grains of the following endemic species, important for the conservation of local plant biodiversity, were described: Andira fraxinifolia Benth., Desmodium juruenense Hoehne, Eschweilera ovata (Lecythidaceae), Himatanthus bracteatus (Apocynaceae), Lantana undulata Schrank (Verbenaceae), Lundia longa (Vell.) DC. (Bignoneaceae), Ouratea cuspidata (A.St.-Hil.) Engl. (Ochnaceae), Paubrasilia echinata (Lam.) Gag-non, H.C.Lima & G.P.Lewis (Leguminosae), Solanum polytrichum Moric. (Solanaceae) e Stigmaphyllon blanchetii C.E.Anderson (Malpighiaceae). The analyzed pollen grains were monads, small, medium or large in size; spherical, prolate-spheroidal, subprolate or prolate in shape; triangular, subtriangular, subcircular or circular in ambitus; 3-colpate or 3- colporate; with psilate, (micro)reticulate, granulate or scabrate exine. The descriptions contribute to the start of the JB FLORAS pollen atlas, which will subsidize research into palynology and related areas in the Extreme South of Bahia and in the Atlantic Forest biome, by expanding knowledge and conservation of the plant biodiversity of these areas, which are still little studied. The research also expands the laminarium of palinoFLORAS, the palynological collection of JB FLORAS.

Recovering native vegetation in the Atlantic Forest is an urgent demand to prevent biodiversity loss and reduce the impacts of climate change on natural and human systems. The way in which this problem is tackled by institutions and the government system matters for achieving the desired results in different policy fields. In order to investigate the aspects of the federal approach to the recovery of native vegetation, in Chapter 1 we used a heuristic that allows us to characterize the levels of integration of policies to solve a problem in a given sphere of government. We found that manifestations of policy integration for the problem under study reached predominantly high to very high levels on the heuristic rating scale between 2020 and 2023 in the four dimensions of analysis: framing, subsystem involvement, policy objectives, policy instruments. Several system and subsystem instruments contribute to a broad framing of the problem, including three federal climate change adaptation strategies that address it. The involvement of subsystems is high, with 11 Ministries active in Conaveg - the National Commission for the Recovery of Native Vegetation. The most frequent interactions were between the Ministry of the Environment (MMA), the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAPA) and the Ministry of the Economy (ME). At least 41 subsystem objectives have the recovery of native vegetation as an object within a larger system strategy. In the dimension of policy instruments, we identified: 1) the availability at the system level of two sophisticated instruments for administrative coordination and policy integration to act on the problem - Conaveg (a higher inter-ministerial authority) and SIORG - the Federal Government's Institutional Organization and Innovation System (an inter-agency coordination structure); 2) a low number of internal subsystem support instruments to generate policy coherence at the implementation level. Increasing the number of subsystem support instruments could increase the adoption of native vegetation recovery measures in the Atlantic Forest, in a larger system strategy. In Chapter 2, with the aim of providing support instruments for the management of protected areas (PAs), we carried out a diagnosis focused on mitigating the impacts of land use on forest-dependent species in the Pau Brasil National Park. We analyzed 125 rural properties larger than 1 fiscal module in the 3.2 km buffer adjacent to the protected area, which total 25931 ha. Areas converted to agricultural systems account for 47.20% (12,239.11 ha) of this amount, with 32.02% used for livestock and 8.51% for agriculture. Properties over 4 to 15 fiscal modules had the lowest ratio between legal reserve coverage plus surplus native vegetation and the total area of the property (0.25). In order to mitigate impacts on forest-dependent species, the regulation of conservation practices should focus on: a) establishing the ratio between native forest cover plus agroforestry systems or biodiverse planted forests, depending on the size class of the property, b) establishing limits per property for crops linked to the pulp industry, c) reducing the externalities of production systems.

Spaces and games in nature have a significant impact on children's health and well-being. School spaces that contemplate nature or offer experiences with natural elements and other greener educational territories provide children with sensitive experiences, rich in meanings, connections and discoveries. Considering the importance of playing and contact with nature for child development, the general objective of this study is to: Investigate the role of nature in the games and play spaces of children aged 4 to 6 in a school context. This is a qualitative study, descriptive and observational in nature. The study site, selected for convenience, consists of a private school in Porto Seguro (Bahia) which has spaces and biophysical elements of nature, and an open courtyard. The study subjects were 20 children enrolled in the selected school. Data collection took place in three stages. Stage one – naturalistic observation: free observation of the school routine, in order to characterize the location, especially the nature spaces, and survey of the entire area free from the school routine, which has numerous biophysical elements that facilitate children's contact with various fruit trees, lawn and other plants. The courtyard was divided into eight sectors, recorded with photographs. Stage two – observation of the child and the space: the interaction of children with the spaces was analyzed, considering the spaces they choose to play; A field diary was used to record all free observations about the school space and how the children interact with it. Stage three – focus group: a guiding script made it possible to identify where children like to play, what they like to play, what games they play most in the school space, the biophysical elements of nature in the space where they play are identified, and what the spaces should be like designed by them for play; After that, the children produced a drawing of what they
would place in these spaces. The children chose a photo of the place where they like or would like to play at school. Thus, it can be seen that many children refer to outdoor places as their favorite places to play, highlighting games such as run-and-seek and hide-and-seek. Furthermore, they identify the biophysical elements of nature in the space and bring these elements into their designs to create spaces for play. The results point to the importance of playing in nature, and it is important to provide spaces and opportunities for children to explore and connect with nature. Therefore, it can be concluded that school spaces can be enhanced through the presence of rich elements of nature, and these elements have meanings and the possibility of exploration by educators, aiming to add pedagogical practice, as long as they have intentionality, thus promoting richness in children's learning and development.

Exposure, proximity or some kind of relationship with green areas can mitigate many of the harmful effects on health in urban centers, including some rates of newborns and pregnant women. It is still incipient and poorly defined how green areas can influence neonatal and maternal health in Brazil.The aim is to evaluate the relationships between green areas and neonatal and maternal health in cities in the state of Bahia. Secondary data from SIVANand clinical records of two maternity hospitals in the city of Eunápolis and Itabuna will be analyzed. In other cities, with the exception of Salvador, an exploratory analysis will be carried out with birth weight data, relating them to demographic, geographic, socioeconomic and ecological variables. These data will be related to proximity to green areas to test the following hypotheses: 1. Newborns born to mothers who live closer to green areas have better birth weights and Apgar scores in both cities. 2.Mothers who live closer to green areas have better health indices during pregnancy in both cities. 3. In the city with more green areas, there are better birth weight and Apgar scores in newborns. 4. Of all the variables, maternal living close to green areas is a covariate that is as important as socioeconomic indices, educational level and care during pregnancy for good health of the newborn (good birth weight and Apgar score) in both cities. It is expected to prove that there is a relationship between goodweight and the Apgar score of neonates with green areas, due to the mothers' residence close to these places, in Eunápolis and Itabuna. In the other cities, an exploratory analysis will be carried out, relating birth weight to other variables. The study proposes to prove the importance of green areas and environmental preservation for good neonatal health
indices in the urban population of cities in Bahia.

The Atlantic Forest is one of the most biodiverse biomes on the planet, and also one of the most threatened, since it has less than 20% of its original vegetation cover. In this scenario, the environmental monitoring of protected areas can contribute to the environment conservation, providing information to law enforcement and environmental agencies in order to avoid the anthropization advance in natural areas. This research seeks to investigate land use and its relationship with forest fragmentation in the National Parks of Alto Cariri (Bahia State), Serra do Gandarela (Minas Gerais State) and Aparados da Serra and Serra Geral (Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina States) and in their buffer zones. The National Parks were selected according to criteria such as region, founding year, area and management plan existence. Spatial analysis involves the following steps: construction of a cartographic base with 2021 data from IBGE; mapping of land use with Planet NICFI images of spatial high resolution in june 2020; supervised classification with maximum likelihood algorithm with the SCP plugin for QGIS; accuracy analysis with AcATaMa plugin for QGIS, with global accuracy and kappa accuracy index calculations; calculation of landscape metrics for forest fragments (size, area, perimeter, shape index, perimeter-area relationship and distance of the nearest neighbor) using Fragstats software; and obtaining alerts within two years period after the mapping date (years 2020 to 2022), with satellite images of the study area on the Planet NICFI platform. As a result, thematic maps of land use were generated with global accuracy around 80% and minimum kappa accuracy index of 0.70, qualifying the classification process as very good. Environmental monitoring alerts will be obtained after the consolidation and discussion of data on land use and landscape ecology in the study area.

The Atlantic Forest is one of the richest regions in the world in terms of biodiversity and is today considered one of the most threatened biomes on the planet, especially in Bahia, which has figured as the second state with the highest rates of deforestation in the country. In this context, this research intends to investigate the historical, economic and social factors that contributed to the accelerated transformation process in the Atlantic Forest of southern Bahia in the 20th and 21st century, aiming to model the use and occupation projections in short future scenarios (2030) and medium (2050) term. This is a qualitative-quantitative research whose descriptive and analytical approaches will allow the construction of future perspectives, providing advances in the knowledge of this biome. In addition to making use of document analysis the collection 5 from the database of the Annual Land Cover and Land Use Mapping Project in Brazil, (MapBiomas) will be used to analyzed by dynamics of land and forest use. obtaining the occupancy rates of each category,. In addition to analyzing the spatial transitions in the period from 1985 to 2020. It is also intended, through structured interviews, to understand how managers, activists and indigenous people think and interpret the Atlantic Forest. As a result, it is expected to help concrete strategies for the conservation of the environmental integrity of the Atlantic Forest in the region.

The Brazilian forest code is an instrument, created by Law nº 12.651/12 (New Forest Code), which determines and enables the rural environmental registration of rural properties and possessions with state environmental agencies, for the purposes of environmental regularization, control and monitoring, brings the need to preserve protected areas, such as the Atlantic Forest Biome, at the national level is the rural environmental register -CAR and in the state of Bahia the CEFIR - State Forestry Register of Rural Properties. The objective of the research was to identify the amount of CAR in Brazil, adhesions to the PRA and the areas of land occupation that have CEFIR in the Extreme South of Bahia already declared, having a database to assist in the environmental monitoring of the municipality of Caravelas, for means of methodology developed in the research itself to assist in the demands of municipal environmental management in areas protected by law, with the consequent responsibility for local impacts, in order to guarantee an ecologically balanced environment. The methodology consisted of bibliographical research, obtaining data from the public systems of SICAR, SEIA BA, GeoBahia, SEMMA Caravelas and SNCR/INCRA, and systematization with the aid of software QGIS 3.16.9 Grass and Google Earth Pro 7.3, for use in mapping the land occupation of registered rural properties, identifying the number of permanent preservation areas, legal reserves, irregularities and activities developed by municipality in the Far South. CAR/CEFIR are systems that should serve to collaborate with environmental agencies by strengthening command and control actions, environmental planning, combating deforestation and maintenance of water resources, at the local level. However, the rural properties analyzed by the competent environmental agencies are still considered low in terms of the amount monitored. This work collaborated with the planning of environmental management actions in the municipality of Caravelas, in addition to the creation of the municipal environmental register of Caravelas, in which it assisted in the monitoring and environmental regularization, where 65 rural properties and 138 notifications were declared in the period of April 13 from 2021 to November 15, 2022.

In the midst of the traditional gray infrastructure present in urban environments, afforestation proves to be an important biotic component, capable of minimizing the negative externalities resulting from urbanization. However, in many Brazilian municipalities, afforestation is not included in urban planning, favoring the emergence of incompatibility situations. This reality is also present in the municipality of Teixeira de Freitas, located in the extreme south of Bahia. Given this perspective, the aim of this work was to obtain an overview of urban forestry in Brazilian cities, as well as to carry out a qualitative and quantitative characterization of the urban forestry of four transects of Teixeira de Freitas, in order to propose measures that support a Master Plan Sustainable Development of Urban Forestry for Teixeira de Freitas, compatible with the Sustainable Development Goals - SDGs of the 2030 Agenda. To this end, a systematic literature review was carried out, based on the PRISMA 2020 methodology, and, based on the selected records, a list of species, determining the origin, form of life, frequency of species, and the abundance of individuals used. The distribution of studies by region, state, and the main problems encountered in afforestation in Brazilian cities was determined. On a local scale, a qualitative and quantitative inventory was carried out of the trees present in seven squares, three streets and three avenues, which correspond to four stretches, covering an area of approximately 339,348 m². In the literature review, 2,486 records were raised, of which 197 were selected. The Southeast and South regions stand out with the highest number of publications (29%, N=58; 28%; N=56). From the selected articles, a list of 1,079 taxa was obtained, with 109 families and 938 species determined. Fabaceae is the most representative family (19%; N= 208), and Ficus benjamina and Mangifera indica are the species with the highest citation frequency (70%). As for the origin, 46% of the species are exotic and 54% are native, however, 58% of exotic and 42% of native were used in the analyzed studies, indicating a prioritization of exotic in the implantation of afforestation, despite the high richness of native species in Brazil. While in the survey of urban afforestation in Teixeira de Freitas, 1,217 individuals were registered, belonging to 114 species and 41 families. Highlighting Chrysobalanaceae as the family with the highest density (30%), represented by the species Moquilea tomentosa. Species of exotic origin were predominant (76%). The Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index revealed good diversity (H'=3.207). Regarding the dendrometric aspects, the following averages were obtained: 7.34 m of total height; 1.67 m in height at the first fork; 0.38 m in diameter at chest height; 7.10 m canopy diameter, 57.41 m² canopy projection area, and 19% canopy projection area. As for the physical-sanitary aspects, there was a predominance of individuals with healthy crowns (63%), intact trunk (58%), without pruning (74%), vigorous (47%), underground root (58%), without damage to the sidewalks (66 %), with adequate free space (90%). The most common conflicts were with wiring (21%), inadequate distance between trees (44%), facades (15%) and lamp posts (14%). Therefore, a greater commitment on the part of the competent bodies towards this theme becomes necessary, and it is hoped that the data presented here can provide subsidies to make Brazilian cities more sustainable, especially Teixeira de Freitas.

With the advances of industries, new chemical products with significant benefits have been developed more and more, but on the other hand, the amount of organic micropollutants has increased, which includes emerging contaminants including drugs. Several environmental matrices such as water, industrial effluents, soils, sediments, gaseous emissions, biological samples, food became targets of study. Caffeine (CAF) has been used as a chemical tracer, its main source in aquatic environments comes from sewage. Diclofenac (DIC) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) are of synthetic origin, the presence of both in environmental matrices are from anthropogenic sources. The objective of this study is to determine the presence of caffeine, diclofenac and 17α-ethinylestradiol as emerging contaminants in surface water, by extraction in D-µ-SPE and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). The study area of this research are two urban rivers located in the city of Porto Seguro - BA, Rio dos Mangues and Mundaí. The analytical merit figures adopted in this study, were linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection and quantification, presented satisfactory results, meeting the validation criteria of the analytical method. Caffeine concentrations found in the Mangues River at P1 were below the LQ. At points P2, P3, P4, P5 and P6, concentrations above the LQ were obtained in the ranges of 0.2± 0.17 - 0.135± 0.3 µgL-1. On the Mundaí River, all points had caffeine concentrations above the LQ between 0.71 ± 0.6 – 39.8± 0.6µg L1 . Diclofenac showed concentrations below the LQ in all sampling points of the Mangues and Mundaí rivers. High concentrations of 17α-ethinyl estradiol were found in the Mangues and Mundaí rivers, above the QL, in the ranges between 23±3.8 - 40±2.8 µgL-1 and 24±0.8 – 152 ±2.86 µgL -1 , respectively. With the results, there is an indication of contamination of the Mangue and Mundaí rivers by sources of anthropic origin

Environmental Education, within the scope of Rural Schools, currently faces many challenges to
be investigated. Especially in schools located in essentially agricultural communities, where the
predominance of monoculture impacts the socio-environmental environment. However, in recent years, good prospects have emerged for Environmental Education in rural schools, which presuppose a critical teaching aimed at the social and political formation of rural subjects. In this
context, the present research aimed to know the challenges and perspectives of teaching Environmental Education in schools in the field of the community of Vera Cruz, from the analysis of the school plan more commonly called P.P.P (Political Pedagogical Project). To this end, its methodological perspective is anchored in qualitative research, above all from the postulations of Bibliographic Research, Documentary Analysis and Participant Observation. The highlighted work is organized in Multipaper format, composed of two articles. The data were collected in three rural schools in the community of Vera Cruz in the municipality of Porto Seguro/Ba: the municipal schools Alcides Faustino Santos, Chico Lage and Tiradentes. To theoretically subsidize the discussion of the theme, we support the studies of the following authors: Arroyo (1999; 2014), Buzcenko (2019), Caldart (2002; 2003), Carvalho (2008), Dias (2004), Fernandes (2008), Freire (1987), Gadotti (2002), Jacobi (1994), Leff (2001); Loureiro (2009), Molina (2004), Sato (2001), Sorrentino (2005), Zakrzevski (2004), among others. The literature review was based on the fields of Environmental Education, Field Education, Political Pedagogical Project and Agroecology. The results revealed inadequacies of the PPP in relation to the guidelines of Rural Education and inefficiency in teacher training focused on Environmental Education, identifying these as challenges for the teaching of Environmental Education in rural schools in the researched community. On the other hand, the study also pointed out the teaching of Agroecology as a successful perspective for Environmental Education in these schools.It is hoped that the reflections and results obtained can contribute to the adequacy of the PPPs of the schools surveyed, as well as stimulate discussions on the theme addressed. The research emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach, which promotes the social and political formation of the subjects of the field, in order to overcome the challenges and advance in the practices of Environmental Education in the schools of the field of the community of Vera Cruz.

The research addressed the relationship between environmental factors and environmental degradation, caused by anthropic actions on human health in the dynamics of the increase in emerging AND re-emerging diseases. The objective of the research was to verify the possible relationships between health and environment in the domain of confirmed notifications of emerging and re-emerging diseases, evaluating how environmental factors and environmental degradation can increase the incidence of some diseases in the municipalities of Southern Bahia. Seventy municipalities that make up the mesoregion of southern Bahia were evaluated, including the profile of the following emerging, reemerging and respiratory diseases: Dengue, Zika Virus, Chikunguya, Yellow Fever, American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis, H1N1 and H3N2. Data were obtained from the TABNET databases of the Bahia State Health Department (SESAB/BA) and the Health and Notification Information System (SINAN) of the Ministry of Health in the period between 2009 and 2019. The environmental data include the analysis of the land use and forests (Map Biomas Project), analysis of climatological data on precipitation and temperature (WorldClim), outbreaks of (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espacial -INPE's Burning Program). Data were analyzed using statistics with generalized linear mixed models, multiple partial regression and redundancy analysis to assess the environmental and health relationship. The data presented showed a positive relationship between fire and burning outbreaks with the increase in the incidence of Dengue, Zika virus and Chikunguya, despite the low correlation with Yellow Fever, American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis, H1N1 and H3N2 for the municipalities in the study, it was a positive relationship was also found with the IDHM and cases of Dengue and a negative relationship with H1N1 and H3N2, there was no statistically significant relationship with the Gini index and the diseases in this study.

Environmental problems are one of the most significant challenges that humanity currently faces and, in this scenario, children are important agents of transformation, since studies suggest that those who perceive themselves to be more connected to nature tend to present pro-environmental behaviors in adulthood. The study of the connectedness with nature aims to better understand and explain the elements that influence or interfere in the relationship between nature and human being. The connectedness with nature construct comprises a multidimensional concept of relationship with the natural world, referring to a cognitive, affective and experiential dimension. It contributes to the healthy development of children, promotes well-being and influences environmentally friendly behaviors. The present study investigated the perception and contact with nature of 50 children aged between 7 and 11, elementary school students in a private school in Porto Seguro (Bahia State, Brazil), before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. The qualitative research used the meta-presential focus group as a technique to collect data. Qualitative data were analyzed according to the Collective Subject Discourse (CSD) methodological strategy and quantitative data are presented as word clouds. The results reveal that children understand nature as a place that is sometimes distant from their daily lives. However, it comprises a place of fun, leisure and rest, beneficial for well-being, with emphasis on its functional and utilitarian importance. Aspects of the natural world related to biotic and abiotic elements were highlighted to conceptualize nature, in addition to natural phenomena. The biotic elements (plants) are among the most cited words. About 76% of children consider themselves as part of nature, which assumes a cognitive dimension of connectedness. Children's contact with nature (experiential dimension) happens while they play in natural environments, when they care for, help and live with the natural environment. In all, 80% of children believe that they had frequent contact with nature during the pandemic, with 28% pointing out that such experiences increased during the pandemic due to having more free time and realizing the importance of staying connected. In addition, 42% of children missed contact with nature during the pandemic period. Ten central ideas were identified in speeches that show children's interest in being in contact with nature in a post-pandemic context. Therefore, we assume those data can support public policies and educational strategies that favor greater contact and connectedness with nature, potentially minimizing the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on children.

Moral and/or sexual harassment in the workplace is a social problem aggravated by gender inequalities. This scenario is no different in environmental sciences and can be enhanced when professionals need to work on board boats, ships, etc. This can happen because this environment is predominantly male and because of the isolation situation. Women, in general, face several barriers such as: gender prejudice, lack of opportunities/recognition and moral and sexual harassment. The general objective of this research is to carry out an analysis of situations of moral and sexual harassment experienced by people who work on board in Brazil, in the field of environmental sciences. The research project was approved by CEP/UFSB (CAAE: 39142320.90000.8467-Opinion number: 4.678.449) on April 28, 2021. This is an exploratory study that used a semi-structured research instrument with a total of 33 questions (closed and open). The online form was released and made available during the period 12th May to 7th August 2021. A total of 262 people participated in the survey. The research results are being analyzed with qualitative and quantitative approaches. For the quantitative analysis of the data, the MATLAB® program is being used for the statistical analysis and production of graphs. The qualitative approach to the data will be carried out from Content Analysis. This dissertation is being developed in three chapters: the first corresponds to the article "Situations of Harassment on Vessels in Brazil", whose objectives are to characterize a profile of victims and aggressors, seeking to identify differences in gender, race, sexual orientation, among others and the possible impacts on women's careers. The second chapter corresponds to the article “Experiences of harassment lived on boats”, a study with a qualitative approach that analyzes reports on experiences of moral and/or sexual harassment experienced on boats. And the third chapter, “How to prevent harassment on boats? A practical guide for managers”, we will discuss the importance of harassment prevention in the scope of environmental sciences and describe the main reasons that make it difficult to report situations of moral and sexual harassment. And we intend to build a practical guide for harassment prevention.

Brazil has become the world's largest producer and exporter of several products, such as: sugar, coffee and orange juice; the second largest exporter of corn and soybean oil and bran; and the second largest producer of soybeans and third largest producer of corn. The Extreme Southern Economic Region of Bahia (RESB) has favorable factors for the expansion of sugarcane and coffee commodities, as it is limited to the main sugarcane and coffee producers in Brazil. The main sugarcane producing municipalities are: Caravelas, Mucuri, Medeiros Neto, Nova Viçosa, Lajedão, Ibirapuã and Santa Cruz Cabrália. And the main coffee producers are: Prado, Itamaraju, Porto Seguro, Eunápolis, Teixeira de Freitas and Itabela. The expansion of these agricultural crops has an economic advantage for the region, with effects on GDP. On the other hand, it has little contribution to improving the IDHM of municipalities, which are below the state and national average. Furthermore, the expansion of these cultures did not guarantee the settlement of populations in the countryside and may contribute to the intensification of conflicts over land use with rural peoples and indigenous populations. Additionally, it can add pressure to natural resources such as vegetation and water resources, which are already affected by other human activities

The Federal Institutions of Higher Education - IFES are, par excellence, spaces for reflection on the challenges of society, for the production of knowledge and the development of solutions to face these challenges. Additionally, decision-making positions within the scope of public policies, as well as in environments of the private sector, are, as a rule, occupied by people trained by Higher Education Institutions - IES. In this sense, the experiences produced by the HEIs play an important role in guiding the choices made by society. However, promoting sustainability in public administration is a major challenge. With this in mind, the Brazilian Federal Government published Decree No. 7,746/12, establishing criteria and practices for the promotion of sustainable national development. of Sustainable Logistics Management-PLS. In essence, the PLS is a planning instrument that guides public administration actions to meet sustainability aspects. Although the minimum criteria defined by the documents that regulate the construction of the PLS are focused on aspects of consumption and logistics, there is room for reflection and planning of actions that expand the interests of social groups. Since the environmental guidelines began to gain space in the 60's/70's, conceptions about different understandings of what is Sustainability, Environment and Environmental Education have been expanding their field of debate. We understand that HEIs are privileged spaces for building consensus for society and that the PLS can become an instrument that seeks not only to promote sustainable development, but also paves the way for the possibility of building dialogue. The study presented here analyzed the construction of the UFSB PLS, seeking to identify the paths to sustainability in the institution and expanded the study to other IFES in Brazil, seeking to understand how other institutions deal with the construction of these plans. An important result of this research is in the definition of the National Environmental Education Policy - PNEA as an initiative to be observed within the plan, bringing basic principles of the policy such as the pluralism of pedagogical ideas and conceptions and objectives such as the encouragement of individual and collective, permanent and responsible, in preserving the balance of the environment, strengthening institutional dialogue within the plan construction process.

With the crisis of modernity, dictated by alienating consumption and reckless use of natural resources, environmental public policies were needed to mediate the relationship between nature and society. The National System of Conservation Units – SNUC and the National Environmental Education Policy – PNEA are considered to be two of these policies. In this work, we have as study area a  Protected Area classified as a National Park (PARNA): the Pau Brasil National Park (PNPB). Our general objective is to contribute to the construction of sustainable societies through the analysis of possible links between the constitution of a socio-environmental collegiate - Thematic Chamber of Environmental Education (CTEA) - of a Protected Area and the increase in the power of action of this collective and of the involved in its founding and operation process. Power to act is a concept that was elaborated by the philosopher Spinoza, with that, we carried out the analysis of the results from the perspective of his philosophy. To implement the methodology, we adopted the case study and the following tools: triangulation, document analysis, narrative interviews and discursive textual analysis. Thus, we answer the problem question of this work: “Can the foundation of a socioenvironmental collegiate, in a Protected Area, increase the power of action of those involved in this process?” We observed through the analysis of the results that it is possible, but there were and still are many challenges to be overcome such as the lack of communication, the overload of the Protected Area managers, in addition to the environmental political dismantling and the pandemic that made CTEA's activities very difficult during the survey period.cWe found the direct relationship between participation and the power to act, reflecting in an approximation between the UC and the surrounding community. We also verified that when spaces for dialogue and participation are provided in a UC, several positive developments occur for the people involved, increasing their confidence and consequently positive developments for the Protected Area through socioenvironmental projects carried out by these actors, now powerful. This research constitutes a possible tool in helping to build sustainable societies, in which everyone is a participatory actor.

Diverse and multifaceted are the variables present and necessary for understanding of enviromental issues nowadays. In addition to the local challenges, the reverberation of environmental impacts reaches long distances, previously unimaginable, without respecting borders or cultural, economic, ethnic-racial and/or any species differences. The Conservation Units (UC) were established with the objective of, among others, promoting the conservation of ecosystems and protecting biodiversity in a representative way throughout the country. In this perspective, the first UC in the municipality of Vitória da Conquista, the Serra do Piripiri Municipal Park (PMSP), was created in 1996, whose management is the object of this study, whose main objective was to analyze the approximations and distances between the proposed environmental management of the Park and the execution (implemented public policies), from the perspective of different social subjects – from public authorities to civil society, in line with the Management, Policy and Management and Environmental axis of the Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences and Technologies – PPGCTA of the Federal University of Southern Bahia – UFSB, in association with the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Bahia – IFBA. The realization of a diagnosis, methodologically classified as a case study, allowed: I. Understand the environmental management model proposed by the Vitória da Conquista City Hall for the UC; II. Check the relationship between proposed actions and the actions implemented by public policies for the environmental management of the UC - 2019 to 2021; III. Analyze the perception of the Park's manager and users regarding the proposed objectives in the creation of the UC and the implemented actions; IV. Understand the relationship between the city and the Park and; V. Identify the approximations, distances contradictions and challenges of environmental management in the implementation of public policies in the UC. Therefore, the bibliographic review was the main source of information, which, analyzed and correlated with the field research, helped in the elaboration of this final product, in view of the needs and possibilities of the PMSP and its administration, without losing sight of the dynamics between the UC and the city. The research on screen provided an opportunity to understand the management model applied to the UC Serra do Piripiri Municipal Park as inappropriate since there are risks of making the objectives of its creation unfeasible over time. A SWOT matrix (strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities) and presentations of the perceptions and considerations of users and visitors to the Park, corroborate the research findings and serve as a basis for the perspectives and recommendations. The indications for reversing the negative aspects permeate the feasibility of social participation in management and in the increase of the resources necessary for the promotion of critical and emancipatory environmental education and qualification/expansion of inspection and monitoring actions. Among the listed forces, the perception of users as being the important and relevant place, even though these users do not reside in the surroundings of the PMSP, which is an aspect that tells us about the need to deepen the study, from the perspective of environmental perception, in a future opportunity.

Zooplankton communities monitoring is a powerful tool to identify environmental changes and contributes to the biodiversity conservation on a global scale due to its trophic importance. Copepod is the most abundant zooplankton group and its diversity, short life cycle and broad feeding strategies make this group a good environmental bioindicator. The Buranhém River is the main river of Porto Seguro at the South of Bahia coast. This study aims to identify the spatial distribution of the mesozooplanktonic community focusing on copepod, to identify the influence of the Buranhém River to the reef and inner shelf adjacent areas. This dissertation is composed by two chapters. The first one is a literature review that describes the zooplankton research status in Brazil, especially in Northwest region. The second chapter we provide the first coastal Copepoda species list of Porto Seguro and describe aspects of the mesozooplakton community spatial variability between the four different environments focusing on copepod. We collected fourty-one samples in four environments:  estuary, inner shelf, coast and coral reef. We obtained zooplankton samples through vertical hauls with simple conical plankton net (200-µm mesh size) and preserved on 4% formaldehyde for further lab analyses. We performed vertical profiles of temperature and salinity, and the depth of a Secchi disk. In addition we survey wind, river discharge and rainfall data for environmental characterization. The Copepoda diversity was higher on the estuarine and coastal environment in opposition to the coral reef and Inner Shelf. The different environment was featured according to the mesozooplankton community structure. We also found the influence of the salinity, temperature, rainfall and Buranhém river discharge in the coastal mesozooplankton community.

The connection to nature comprises the means by which the individual includes nature in his cognitive representation of the self, based on cognitive, emotional and experiential aspects. This work investigated the connection to nature of 8–11 years aged children, during the COVID-19 pandemic on the Costa do Descobrimento, in the Northeast of Brazil. We applied an online questionnaire (n = 55) and telephone interviews (n = 21) to collect the data, which were later analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Discourse of the Collective Subject (DCS) approach. When the children think of nature, they remember trees (n = 26; 15.75%) and like animals (n = 32; 19.39%). In the CSDs produced, the central idea “Having contact to nature” (n = 13; 61.90%) stood out and revealed what the children would have liked to have done, but could not do due to COVID-19. The children demonstrated positive affection descriptors that reflect their connection to nature. In addition to different dimensions of this connection, we perceive altruistic and biospheric environmental values in the analyzed speeches.

The Ombrophilous Forest strip belonging to the south of Bahia and the north of Espírito Santo is one of the main centers of endemism in the Atlantic Forest and has a vast richness of species. The cabruca system ensured a large part of the conservation of the region's biodiversity and wealth. The Pau-Brasil Settlement, Itamaraju-BA, has an area of 325 ha with cabruca cacao, established about 90 years ago. The objective of this research was to carry out the floristic characterization of the fragments with cocoa plantations in the area, to conduct a phytogeographic analysis, by comparing the place with the florists of other places in the Atlantic Forest and to elaborate a list of tradable native species, for generation of residents' income. The floristic survey was carried out from January 2019 to January 2020, through 32 collection expeditions. For identification, specialized literature, collection of herbariums and consultation with specialists were used. The classification of vegetation and phytophysiognomies followed the Technical Manual of Brazilian Vegetation and the analysis of the collected flora. The floristic comparison with other Atlantic Forest fragments was performed by similarity, using the Jaccard index (SJ) and the UPGMA mean association method for clustering, conducted in the PAST 3.09 software. The scientific names were checked and updated following Flora do Brasil 2020 online and IPNI. For the list of marketable native species, a literature search was carried out based on the potential use (eg medicinal, wood, food) of the species. Documents were collected on the Google Scholar platform. Then, a ranking of the species was generated, using the Index of Ranking (Ranking) to classify those with the greatest number of uses. The best ranked species were analyzed on the Web of Science, Portal Periódicos CAPES, Scopus and SciELO platforms in the period 2010-2020 and the Use Value (UV) was calculated. 1,800 samples were collected belonging to 96 families, 253 genera and 366 species, registered in four phytophysiognomies, inside cabruca sites: 1) cabrucas in forests; 2) cabrucas in riparian forests; 3) rock outcrop vegetation; and 4) cabrucas in disturbed areas. Four new species were found belonging to the families Araceae (2 spp.), Connaraceae (1 sp.) and Salicaceae (1 sp.), 67 spp. endemic to the Atlantic Forest biome and 15 spp. endangered. The vegetation is characterized as Submontane Dense Ombrophilous Forest and the settlement was grouped with a protected area of Sustainable Use: RPPN Serra do Teimoso Natural Reserve; but the floristic analysis showed low similarity between the fragments, confirming the heterogeneity of the biome. The search on Google Scholar gathered 4,476 materials and on the other platforms 4,106, with information on 159 (69%) of the 231 native species analyzed. 13 categories of uses were found and 29 species were selected with the highest Ordering Indexes (OI = 0.0013 to 0.0024). Among the species with the greatest multiplicity of uses are Eugenia uniflora (pitanga), Bixa orellana (annatto) and Eschweilera ovata (biriba) (VU = 0.0003- 0.0017).

The main objective of Environmental Education is to promote the conservation of biodiversity, also considering individual, social and community self-realization, through practices that develop benefits to the environment and the quality of life, so the recognition of its importance is every greater in every society. The present research seeks to identify how the pedagogical practices of environmental education take place at the Tupinambá Indigenous State College of Acuípe de Baixo in Ilhéus - BA. From this, it is intended to understand whether there are reflections in the educational institution of the legal and social effects provided for in the legal provisions that guarantee the promotion of environmental education, in addition to raising awareness to preserve the environment and retake the ethnic identity itself. A qualitative methodology was applied, through bibliographic research and data collection, through the Matrix of Environmental Education Indicators for the Assessment of Socioenvironmental Sustainability at School. In addition, it included questionnaires and interviews with teachers, managers and leaders of the school and the community around them, in an attempt to produce a case study of Indigenous Environmental Education at the aforementioned school that is located in a Tupinambá indigenous community. Contrasting the data obtained with the laws and Public Politics in force. Thus, the work intends to give a return to the Public Power and to educational institutions, to society, especially to the local population, about the reality of EA in an indigenous school, its specificities, needs and potential, and how it can be improved. It should be noted that during the research it was noticed that the existing EA in the school has important knowledge and practices that can be replicated in other schools and thus contribute to the implementation of a critical, transversal and continuous EA.

Each year, the need for food increases as a result of population growth and consumption patterns and makes the expansion of agricultural production accelerate, generating more and more waste. The inadequate disposal of these residues is a problem in several regions of Brazil and it is not different in the extreme south of Bahia, which has a high agricultural production, mainly of sugarcane. This, in turn, generates a large volume of improperly discarded agricultural waste, which causes various environmental damage. Thus, the objective of this work was to initially evaluate the alternatives used in the reuse of agro-industrial residues produced by agricultural crops with potential application in the Extreme South region of Bahia, Brazil. In addition, this work aimed to analyze the viability of the production of briquettes (ecological firewood), using bagasse as a secondary raw material, residue from sugarcane processing, bringing through the commercialization of these produced briquettes a new income opportunity for the agro-industries of the Extreme South of Bahia, Brazil. In the first step, a systematic review was carried out by searching for scientific articles in the SciELO, Scopus and Web of Science databases, using the keywords "bioproduct" and "waste", in the years 2015 to March 2021. In the second step, an exploratory research, which aimed to provide information about its object and guide the formulation of hypotheses. Data collection was carried out through bibliographic research and direct market research with suppliers. To carry out the financial analysis of the enterprise and verification of Payback, Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Net Present Value (NPV), an electronic spreadsheet was used. The results showed 93 agroindustrial residues derived from 48 agricultural products that generated more than 200 bioproducts, which demonstrates the potential of the theme for the creation of several bioproducts in the region, mainly with sugarcane residues. In the financial analysis, the sale of briquettes made from sugarcane bagasse presented a net profit, after income tax, of R$ 1,750,597.27 in 10 years, IRR of 73%, NPV of R$ 532,207.39, Payback of just 18 months and Minimum Attractiveness Rate above 18%, for the production of 54 tons/month of produced briquettes, reusing around 156 tons of bagasse/month. The implementation of this project indicates the possibility of a new source of income, in addition to bringing economic, social and environmental benefits to the region.

Ethnobotany is a science that seeks to rescue the relationship of affinity between human beings and the plants of a community. Another point in conjunction with ethnobotany is the collection of plants of interest, being carried out through floristic surveys. It proposes the use of floristic research through the collection of plant species present in the study site, in order to articulate plans for conservation, preservation and even sustainable extraction. Considering the environmental resources and social arrangements of Costa do Descobrimento, this proposal is made. Thus, the objective of the present work was to carry out an ethnobotanical survey of oil species from the Pataxó da Jaqueira Reserve located in the city of Porto Seguro - BA, as well as to carry out a floristic survey of these species in this same area. and also in the rural community of Fazenda Mutum / Sítio Esperança, located in the municipality of Eunápolis - BA, promoting the possibility of income generation and diversification for the populations involved, with rational use of the natural resources present in these areas. This work was divided into chapters. The first chapter presents a bibliometric study of ethnobotanical works in Brazil based on scientific articles published from 2010 to 2020, in order to provide a theoretical contribution to scientific production, which can assist in understanding new topics in this area, and research that corroborate with the conservation of ethno-knowledge. The methodology of this study consisted of surveying articles published in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. This work was divided into two sections, where Section I presents indicators and descriptive statistics, which summarize and provide an overview of the work. Section II aimed to categorize the articles extracted from the databases. Each article was analyzed, identified and categorized in: regions of the country; biomes where the study was conducted; Social groups involved in the studies; and Purpose of Ethnobotanical Research. In the analysis by categories, it was found that the Northeast region concentrates the largest number of works carried out. Together, they also demonstrated the lack of work in regions such as the Midwest and South of the country. The Atlantic Forest has been the most studied biome in recent years in Brazilian research. Medicinal plants have been shown to be at the center of ethnobotanical research in recent years. The second chapter deals with the ethnobotanical survey of oil species in the Pataxó da Jaqueira Reserve. To carry out this work, 12 interviews were conducted with members of the communities, using a form to collect data on the species of oilseed plants. These forms were previously prepared with open and closed questions, later transcribed and measured. The results showed a rich diversity of species and different uses. Among them is Amescla, widely used for resin extraction, in rituals and in the treatment of various diseases. The third chapter of this work aimed to carry out the Floristic Survey of the oleaginous species that occur in areas of Atlantic Forest of the Pataxó da Jaqueira Indigenous Reserve. Botanical collections were made in the area with the participation of Reserve residents. The collected vegetable material was dehydrated and pressed. The identification of specimens was carried out by means of specialized literature, by comparison with exsiccates from Herbariums of institutions such as UESC through consultations with specialists. Among the species collected and identified are: Árvore do Sangue Vermelho (Pterocarpus rohrii Vahl); Cupion (Guianense Vismia (Alblet) Choisy); Baba de Boi (Cordia); Piaçava (Attalea funifera Mart.); Licuri (Syagrus coronata Mart.); Canela de velho (Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana); Amescla Mirim (Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand); Itapororoca -Mangue Branco (Clusia nemorosa G. W. Meyer). In this stage, a review of two important species in the region is also presented. A species relevant to the Pataxó da Jaqueira Reserve and a species to the Mutum Farm / Sítio Esperança, which has potential areas of Atlantic Forest, where botanical collections were carried out.

Ultraviolet radiation has different wavelengths and can have different actions on organisms. Among the actions caused by this exposure are skin cancer, melasma and premature aging. To mitigate the harm caused by the incidence of solar radiation, there are substances with a photoprotective action, capable of reducing these impacts. Thus, several studies have evaluated the use of plants, with possible photoprotective activity. This incidence of sunlight, causes the production of oxidative compounds harmful to tissues, triggering problems of inflammatory disorder, which can lead to and / or aggravate various diseases. The plants, present diverse bioactive photoprotective compounds, with capacity to reduce the harmful impacts caused by the radiation, among them the phenolic ones. To evaluate this activity, phenolic compounds were extracted from three plant species from the Atlantic Forest in southern Bahia: Copaifera lucens Dwyer, Schnella angulosa (Vogel) Wunderlin,, Miconia albicans (S.W) Triana. Using centroid simplex planning, it aimed to identify the best solvent mixture (methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform) in the extraction of phenolic compounds and to evaluate the photoprotective activity in vitro by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The tests were performed in triplicate. Through the extraction carried out from the planning, it can be seen that in the Copaífera lucens Duyer, the ternary mixture of methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform showed greater extraction of phenolics and in Miconia albicans (SW) Triana the binary mixture of methanol and acetate ethyl, was the one that best extracted phenolic compounds.

The picture of environmental degradation resulting from anthropic activities, especially since the Industrial Revolution, has been motivating scientific studies that point to the need to adopt urgent measures in order to mitigate such impacts, in order to keep them within the limits of resilience of ecosystems. One of these measures, adopted by some National States, responsible for the protection of the environment, has been the institution of environmental taxation, based on the polluter-pays principle, which is a basic principle for the institution of policies aimed at preventing and preventing damage. in order to dissuade the producer from undertaking, or motivating him to reduce, an activity that causes socio-environmental damage, and also aimed at redistributing the costs of damage to its causes, thus avoiding the unfair imposition of these costs on society and nature. In this context, the present research analyzes the fundamentals of environmental taxation, focusing on taxation in its extrafiscal essence, having as its main function the incentive to change behaviors by polluting agents. It analyzes more strictly the fundamentals and application of environmental taxation in Brazil and its relationship with the public budget, with emphasis on the finality of the environmental tax and the application of the collected revenue. The research proposes to make a case study, verifying: a) the nature, legality, legitimacy and purpose of the “fee” for visiting the Recife de Fora Municipal Natural Park (PNMRF), located in the municipality of Porto Seguro/BA, detailing its structural elements and identifying the application of the collected revenue, based on the analysis of the municipal public planning and budgeting instruments; b) through the results achieved, observe whether the tax species established in the PNMRF fits within the parameters of environmental taxation and suggest tools for improving the fiscal, budgetary and financial management of the Park.

Afforestation is fundamental to the well-being and quality of life of the urban population, but some aspects must be considered in order for all social and environmental benefits to be achieved, as the lack of planning negatively affects the quality of life of their people. residents, especially in small towns, especially conflicts between tree individuals and urban equipment and furniture. Therefore, the present work proposed to study a city in the interior of the state of Minas Gerais, in order to analyze the afforestation, identifying the floristic composition, the phytosociological structure and the main conflicts between tree individuals and urban infrastructure. The diagnosis of afforestation will be made through measurements such as: width of the streets, sidewalks, central flowerbeds and area of squares. In the survey, data will be cataloged of all tree individuals with a minimum height of two meters within these urban spaces, and each one of them was evaluated according to their geographical position, origin, size, sanitary condition, planting location, dendrometric aspects, pruning, condition of free space of the plant, root system, density, tree cover, among others. All information will be georeferenced in GIS environment, to elaborate thematic maps for each of the selected criteria, which allowed the visual identification of distributive patterns. Observation of the information may indicate the possibility of multicriteria analysis to assist in the planning and management of the city's afforestation.

Water, according tothe terms of article 1, item I, of Law 9,433 / 97, is considered a public domain resource.Thus, the establishment of quality standards is an extremely important measure, since this resource is indispensable for the maintenance of life, as we know it on Earth. In this context,the main objective of this work was to evaluate the water quality of the Itanhém river, taking into account the effluents discharged directly into the body of water,in the stretch of the road between the counties of Teixeira de Freitas and Medeiros Neto,located in Southern part of Bahia state. Usingthe HI 9829 HANNA Instruments® multiparameter probe, with readings taken on the spot to obtain the following parameters: ORP (Oxidation and Reduction Potential), OD (Dissolved Oxygen), pH (Hydrogen Potential), salinity , temperature, resistivity, conductivity and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids). In addition to these parameters, laboratory analyzes were performed to obtain Ammonia, Nitrite and Nitrate, BOD, and Thermotolerant Coliformsconcentrations. All the parameters analyzed were used to measure the water quality of the highlighted river, both near the urban agglomerations, where effluent discharges with high loads of organic matter were found, which contribute to the deterioration of water quality, as well as far from these urban areas, which are thereforefarther from effluent discharge points. This procedure was performed in order to obtain comparative data between points near the effluent releases and others more distant from them.

Information on climatic distribution, soil, and relief applied to geoprocessing are important characteristics andinformation that allow good planning of activities in an area. The objective of this study was to describe thecharacteristics of precipitation, temperature, humidity, evapotranspiration, water deficit, soils, slope and altitude in theFar South and Discovery Coast, Bahia, Brazil, generating maps with each characteristic. The generated maps wereelaborated through Geoprocessing techniques. The precipitation map, Temperature were the result of a global databaseavailable from WordClim, soil data from the State Institute of Environment and Water Resources-INEMA and forSRTM slope and altitude images available from the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation EMBRAPA. Theresults allowed us to observe the areas with the highest rainfall and areas with the highest water deficit. Based on theprepared maps, the northeast and southeast show higher rainfall in the year and annual high temperatures, this zone isfavored by the flat and undulating relief, with well drained soils and low altitudes that allow the development of crops;Although the southeast has higher precipitation, it can be observed that it presents higher evapotranspiration, waterdeficit and high temperatures.

Land use by economic activities as well as water quality. This study is determined the physical, chemical and microbiological systems in the materials of the quantities of the waste or pollutants, defects in the supply of the liquid of Frades, BA. Concentrations have been compared to the standards established by CONAMA Resolution No. 357/2005 and related to land use and vegetation cover. The results were analyzed as indicators OD, pH, BOD and total phosphorus in accordance with the values established by CONAMA 357, in the provinces of Guaratinga and Itabela municipalities. In addition, the presence of thermotolerant coliforms was detected in all samples, which can be explained by the constant presence of cattle in the places and the release of untreated domestic sewage. In the multivariate analysis it was observed that the river presented distinct behavior for the parameters in the dry and rainy period. Having a nitrogen series correlating with the rainy season and a turbidity with the dry season. With the help of tools from the Geographic Information System, a 5 km buffer was used for each river bank, the land use and vegetation cover were not calculated, revealing a strong effect suffered by the river.

The growing increase and diversification in the production of municipal solid waste, coupled with changes in consumption habits, has made their final disposal one of the main challenges to be faced in the world. In most municipalities in Brazil, this problem is aggravated by inadequate dumping in the open without proper treatment. This reality is no different for Porto Seguro - BA, which has an open dump causing many environmental problems. In this sense, the objective of this work was to perform the dynamic modeling of solid waste production and estimation of methane gas production for a future landfill in Porto Seguro - BA. Three sectors represented by the local and floating population were chosen to perform the characterization and the adopted methodology was the quartering proposed by NBR 10.007 of ABNT. Characterization data were modeled using Stella software to estimate waste production over a 20-year period. At the same time, an equipment with sensors is being developed and calibrated to estimate methane gas production in the municipal dump. Preliminary results indicate the predominant presence of organic matter for the three sectors, with the highest percentage for the neighborhoods of Centro and Arraial D'Ajuda district. While hotels on the waterfront have found a significant amount of materials such as plastic, PET, paper and cardboard. The daily production of waste in the municipality in low season is 150 tons and in high season is 212.5 tons, with average per capita production of approximately 1.5 kg / day. While the modeling of solid waste production indicated the cumulative total of 1,518,183.46 tons at the end of the 20-year period, of which 622,455.22 tons correspond to the production of organic waste. Regarding the development of the equipment, the calibration of the sensors of soil moisture (YL-69), soil temperature (NTC thermistor) and air pressure, temperature and humidity (BME280) presented satisfactory results for use in the field. Given the above, it is concluded from the preliminary results that the waste from the local population is predominantly organic and can be destined for energy generation and / or for fertilizer production through the composting process. Waste produced by tourism can be reused through recycling, helping to reduce urban solid waste that goes to the dump. In terms of equipment development, it has a technical and economic advantage and real-time monitoring will contribute to planning and assist decision-making.

The human being uses plant species for medicinal treatments for a long time and several substances have already been isolated, however, many compounds are still unknown due to the great biodiversity in the plant kingdom. Such compounds derived from plants can have beneficial actions on human health. This potentiality of biomolecules is due to the effects of metabolites, such as the antioxidant action and inhibition of enzymes, such as α-glycosidase and acetylcholinesterase. These enzymes, along with the excessive production of free radicals in the body, are associated with pathological processes such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, HIV infections and tumors. Inhibitors of such enzymes have a moderate effect and cause large side effects, necessitating the identification of compounds with more effective action. Thus, the objective of this research is to find bioactive plant species of the Atlantic Forest inhibitor of the enzyme α-glycosidase, acetylcholinesterase and with antioxidant action. Based on this, samples of Clusia nemorosa, Copaifera lucens, Neomarica portosecurensis, Miconia albicans, Croton celtidifolius, Schnella angulosa and Virola gardneri were analyzed for antioxidant activity using the DPPH free radical sequestration method and evaluation of phenolic contents and total flavonoids. The results indicate that all species have antioxidant activity, with different phenolic and flavonoid contents. The research is under way, and therefore such results are partial and further analysis will be carried out.

The processesof occupation of the Atlantic Forest implieda great loss of biodiversity, which contributed to the original forest being significantly fragmented. Little is known about the biodiversity of the Far south region of Bahia and there is almost no data on the sustainable use of natural resources, as in the Caravelas area at the APA Ponta da Baleia/Abrolhos. The communities that live there have peculiarities, customs and have great knowledge about the space where they live and they are the main actors to describe, in detail, the complexity of the space. Thus, the objective of this work is to survey the plants used by fishermen and shellfish in this area, in order to understand how and why these people select the plants to use and what the implications of this use for their livelihood and conservation of local biodiversity. For this, semi-structured interviews are being conducted, according to the “Snowball” technique, in the communities of the municipality's headquarters, as well as in Ponta de Areia and Barra de Caravelas. The species mentioned will be collected, with the help of the guided tour, then pressed, identified and deposited in the herbarium. Geraldo C. P. Costa of the UFSB. Analyzes of qualitative and quantitative data are being performed and already have significant results.The qualitative sought to understand the relationship between man and plant and if there is aggregation to cultural values, while quantitative evaluations interpreted the data by calculating the value of uses of species. To date, 27 interviews have been conducted and 110 species have been recorded through the reports and eleven use categories have been identified, the most cited being the medicinal use category. It was possible to verify that female respondents cited a higher number of herbaceous plant species and male species of woody species. According to reports, fishermen select the species from an ancient knowledge, passed down from generation to generation, and have a habit of conducting entirely empirical experiments based on the speech of one community or another and what they learned from family members. They have extensive knowledge regarding the use of plant species, which is a knowledge passed on through the generations.

Waste is currently one of the biggest environmental problems related to methane gas (CH4) emissions, one of the main greenhouse gases, due to the consequent population increase and solid waste generation. To determine the production of methane gas (CH4) in the Porto Seguro -BA dump, through dynamic modeling by the IPCC method, for the next 20 years, as well as an analysis of the energy viability. In order to know the percentage of organic waste to be used in the model, a solid waste characterization produced in Porto Seguro -BA was made through gravimetric composition analysis by the quartering sampling method of waste production at the researched site. We found 44.51% of organic waste, 15.56% of paper and cardboard, 3.11% of wood and 6.07% of tissues and diapers. The data were used as parameters of the Stella mathematical model. The following results were found: waste deposition growth from 150t / day to 215.5t / day in 20 years, CH4 emissions in the dump at 27.598.752,04 m³ / CH4 / in 20 years, generation potential of 22,709.09 kWh as well as opportunities for Clean Development Mechanism projects and to have access to carbon credits with a return of 13,605,630 reais with the commercialization of methane in the carbon market. These results may contribute to the execution of social and environmental public policies and projects for the use of biogas, as well as making the execution profitable and viable for its implementation

The suppression of native vegetation and their replacement by agricultural crops, among other land uses, can promote soil erosion and interference in the hydrological cycle of a watershed. However, some of these degraded areas are permitted to be used under environmental legislation, while there are areas that could not have been cleared due to the legal restrictions on use. It is important to know, then, how to identify which of these areas can be used and which need to be restored to their original vegetation. In this sense, the objective of this study was to apply Multicriteria Analysis techniques to identify the priority areas for the recovery of native vegetation, in the Buranhém watershed, located in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. Initially, it was necessary to delimit the hydrographic basin and identify its drainage network. For this purpose, the accuracy of the automatic delimitation methods was evaluated using digital elevation models (DEMs), and the results were compared with those obtained by manual vectoring. It was also made the identification of areas with restrictions on use and suppression of their native vegetation cover, such as the Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs) and Legal Reserve (RL), checking for land use conflicts. In addition to the APPs and RLs, eight other criteria were included in the spatial modeling, whose order of importance was established according to the weights obtained from the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP). The modeling was elaborated with map algebra techniques applied with the method of weighted linear combination (WLC), in a GIS environment, resulting in a synthesis map with the hierarchy of priority areas for recovery. The results presented in this study can assist competent institutions in investigating cases with evidence of non-compliance with environmental legislation, as well as assisting in the planning of river basins, optimizing the application of resources and efforts aimed at the recovery of priority degraded areas.

The low availability in the market of low cost multiparameter probes that allow the data collection and access to its results in real time remotely, led to the development of this research. This work presented a contribution in the creation and implementation of an integrated system (hardware and software), called Polypus, which is based on the analysis of surface water through the use of temperature, pH, salinity, electroconductivity, dissolved oxygen and solid total dissolved in microcontroller platform, aiming its application in a water system to evaluate the results in its temporal and spatial variations. To meet the proposal, a prototype of an integrated system with sensors manufactured by the company Dfrobot in Arduino Mega platform was created. And finally developed a program to control the integrated system as well as storage / transmission of collected data. The research was carried out in the laboratory and samples of the evaluated waters from the mouth of the Buranhém River, the Mundaí River and the Bahia Waters and Sanitation Company (EMBASA). The Prototype also has a SIM800L GSM data transmission module, a micro-SD storage module, two external batteries, a shield sensor module and a LCD display. The data were obtained from the Polypus prototype and the Hanna HI 9828 multi-parameter probe. The results were compared and by simple comparison an analytical behavior of the devices could be verified, showing that there were no significant differences in the results. The cost of the prototype was approximately R$ 1,500.00 versus the cost of a multiparameter probe that is approximately R$ 10,500.00. The results presented so far showed the reliability in the use of the prototype developed at low cost in the projects of environmental analysis.

The present study seeks to understand the system that involves environmental protection legislation, including the Atlantic Forest biome, through the verification of the situation of rural properties in the extreme south of Bahia. We describe how the Public Prosecutor's Office worked to restore permanent preservation areas and legal reserve areas, through conduct adjustment terms (TAC), in which those responsible for rural properties have committed to their environmental regularization. The choice of the theme arose from the need to evaluate the commitments assumed, through mechanisms that allow to carry out a monitoring of the environmentally protected areas, with the consequent guarantee of the fundamental right to the ecologically balanced environment. In spite of the obligation of the Public Prosecutor´s Office to supervise TACs, for these instruments there are no standardized means for environmental monitoring. To fill this gap, through the results obtained, the research proposes a method of analysis to verify compliance with the New Forest Code. The methodology used in this research consisted of a bibliographical and normative review, as well as the analysis and comparison of images of Google Earth among the latest available and dates close to the TACs signed in 2012, covering 318 rural properties. The shapefiles were extracted from the State Forest Registry of Rural Property (CEFIR) and a qualitative evaluation to compare the situations of the permanent preservation and legal reserve areas was carried out. The results indicate that in 128 (40.25%) of the total rural properties, the situation of the protected areas was maintained; there was an increase in forest cover in 75 (23.58%); in 14 (4.40%) there was a decrease of vegetation; it was not possible to perform the analyzes in 101 (31.76%) areas. Even if the restorations are within the period established in the legislation, the large number of maintenance of the protected areas may indicate that other actions need to be adopted, in addition to the conduct adjustment terms, for the correct adequacy of rural properties. In observing the decrease in forest cover, an immediate inspection by the competent environmental agency is required. In the event of an increase, maintenance or impaired analysis, the Public Prosecutor´s Office may notify the committed landowner to adopt measures for the registration or corrections of the rural property in CEFIR. Not being the case of inspection or notification, there will only be a future monitoring of the environmental situation of the properties. In this sense, the results propose that the notification of the committed landowner to register or correct CEFIR in 204 (64.15%) of the analyzes occurs. 64 (20.12%) cases indicate the need for an inspection by the environmental agency; and in 50 (15.72%) properties will be given continuity to the monitoring. It was concluded that, even if there is a gap between the intention of the legislator and what is observed in practice for environmental protection, this research demonstrates that there are tools that can help in the real implementation of laws, including positive practical implications for the performance of Public Prosecutor´s Office.

Anthropogenic activities strongly affect aquatic ecosystems, causing changes in their form, original composition, and compromising the existing communities. In addition, environmental stressors are important bioindicators of the health of numerous organisms, such as reefs, since they respond physiologically to these conditions. In this way, the objective of this work was to study the effects of the increase of dissolved inorganic nutrients and the temperature in the tolerance of larvae of Agaricia humilis. The study was conducted in the microcosm of the Projeto Coral Vivo, simulating nutrient concentration conditions of 8.5 and 46 μmol L-1 for ammonium and 1 and 8 μmol L-1 for nitrate, as well as the mixtures in solutions prepared with water saline, and temperature of 32° C and 26 ° C, to which we subjected the larvae. As a response, there was a significant effect of temperature (up to 78% at 32 ° C). However, surviving free larvae presented higher oxidative damage at high concentrations of nutrients and low temperatures. Thus, this study highlights the importance of monitoring reef environments, as well as the need for a more detailed study of the physiological health of corals, since only mortality rates do not express the consequence of global and local stressors in coral survival.

The Federal Constitution of 1988 affirms the environment as a fundamental right, assigning the duty of its protection to the Government and the Community. Within the constitutional normative, standard institution competences are observed to the environmental management, establishing a set of measures for the full protection of the ecosystem. Apparently, this constitutional guarantee does not protect the natural resources against the exacerbated consumption and the frantic exploitation. This creates a system in which the Government, in addition to not restraining environmental damage, sometimes promotes the unreasonable usage of the ecosystems. In the local context, the Municipalities have an objective responsibility of managing the natural resources in a shared manner with other state entities. Notwithstanding, the Municipality of Porto Seguro has omitted itself regarding this duty and it is still fostering the irregular use of the Coastal Zone, issuing permits to the construction, operation, sanitation, amongst others for the irregular business ventures at the shoreline. Thus, this research aims to analyze the decisions rendered at the Public Civil Action head office, and to verify the responsibility of the Government in face of the irregular occupancy and the economical exploitation of the beach and Navy’s shoreline land, not only by individuals, but also by corporate bodies of Private Law, particularly in the shoreline of Porto Seguro, in Bahia. It also aims to assess if this Procedural Legal Institute fulfill its purpose of protecting the environment. For the understanding of the subject a theoretical study was carried out with the intention of analyzing a) the distribution of competences, b) the environmental responsibility, and c) the Costal Zone management. A documental research was conducted in Eunapólis’ Federal Justice website, in which it was shown 75 Public Civil Actions, giving data for the analysis of the judicial decisions that have determined the maintenance or demolition of the beach shacks. The results state that the Public entities’ omission engaged in the procedural relation contributed to the occupation and construction of economical ventures in an irregular manner, causing environmental damages in the permanent protection area, such as sandbank suppression, mangrove landfill, as well as privatization of stretch of beach, in creating obstacles to the circulation of people. The lawsuits signal the continuity of the detrimental activities, even in face of a judgment, due to interposition of the defendant’s appeal. It is observed that the Public Civil Action is an efficient procedural instrument of environmental protection to signal the responsible for the harmful deeds, identifying the agents that cause this damage. However, it has limitations and it finds obstacles in face of the justice’s slowness and the rules of procedure, in which the lawsuits takes about 9 years for a conviction, without identifying in details the type of environmental damage existing, due to the inexistence of investigation, in case of most PCA. For the defense of Porto Seguro’s shoreline, it is necessary that the environmental issue’s judicialization becomes an exception, which it will only be possible in face of a proactive management of the Municipality Executive Power, fully executing the duties established by the legislation, promoting public policies and creating a change in the pattern of the Coastal Zone’s economical exploitation by the community.

Marine protected areas (MPAs) represent an important management tool for endangered natural resources, which can provide vital functions for the provision of human well-being. The present study intends to value tourism in the Recife Natural Park (PNM Recife de Fora), highlighting the economic and social impact of this ecosystem service in the community of Porto Seguro, Bahia. A systematized bibliographical review was carried out, gathering information from publications that dealt with the valuation of natural capital in protected marine areas, extracting, among other data, the habitats present in the MPAs and the frequency of the coralline environment in them. The case studies analyzed were crucial in choosing the methodology adopted, which follows the guidelines of the Cost of Travel (MCV), with the main objective of verifying the expenses destined to the tourist attractions offered by PNM Recife de Fora and the users' perception of the goods natural gifts. It is hoped, then, that the values added to the benefits of this environment become evident, thus demonstrating the complex and fragile relationship between the proper functioning of ecosystems and human survival. In the same way, the production of scientific data is another important result that can be used in the elaboration of measures and environmental planning.

This study seeks to understand the contemporary ecovillage phenomenon from a practical-theoretical perspective by crossing information between the survey of the last decade's bibliographic production on the subject and the case study of an ecovillage. By examining the texts on ecovillages and the practices of a group of individuals and their components, it is possible to verify the projection and definition of ecovill as a contemporary phenomenon and to identify the main problems related to the sustainable management of an ecovill. This research contributes to the triangulation of ecovillages and sustainable management at the theoretical and practical levels and provides an updated definition of ecovillages. The main problems are raised and the importance of conflicts and the comprehension of practical sustainability for the governance of an ecovillage and its consequences in the conviviality agreements through qualitative research are discussed. As a result, it is clear that ecovillage governance decisions, because of their perennial commitment to sustainability, are complex and must appreciate not only the economic and social dimensions but also the ecological, cultural, organizational and worldview dimensions of its members.

Unorganized urban growth and its consequences in the countryside, such as industrial agriculture and monoculture, are the main causes of land use problems. In this way, the monitoring and temporal evaluation of land use and occupation are fundamental for planning and restructuring of the territory on a sustainable basis. Through knowledge of land use, it is possible to acquire information about the conservation and anthropization levels of a given area. Based on this problem, the objective was to analyze the influence of changes in land use and occupation on the socioeconomic development of municipalities in the far south of Bahia, which has been undergoing various social and economic transformations throughout its history with the exploitation of natural resources. and land occupation. Land use and occupation data from the years 1990, 1994, 2002, 2006 and 2013, provided by the Far South Forest Forum of Bahia, and socioeconomic data from 1991, 2000 and 2010, obtained from the Development Atlas were used. FromBrazil, being correlated by Pearson's correlation (r), by matching the land use and occupation data with the socioeconomic data of 1990/1991, 2002/2000 and 2013/2010, respectively, in order to quantify the changes in the region. The territory of Alcobaça revealed eucalyptus as the class with the largest territorial occupation between 1990 and 2013. Caravelas, Mucuri and Nova Viçosa predominated with dirty pasture, but the highest growth class is eucalyptus. The cities Itamaraju, Jucuruçu and Prado showed the greatest degradation index, as the forest areas were replaced by pasture. The dynamics of the soil, in general, demonstrated the gradual increase of monoculture in the region to the detriment, above all, of pastures, forests in different stages and in smaller scale, of agriculture. In the correlation analysis of the influence of changes in land use and occupation and socioeconomic development, it was noted that the increase in the HDI accompanied the increase in areas of eucalyptus monoculture, as well as the increase in pasture quality, change of dirty pasture. through the clear pasture. The reduction in inequality, GINI index, also had a very similar behavior. In general, it is observed that the increase of socioeconomic development accompanied a strongenvironmental degradation, which suggests that the economic development model adopted in the municipality is based on the loss of environmental quality. Given this, there is a need to build another development model, which considers sustainability in its social and cultural aspects, because this model has strong pressure on the environment and its loss of quality.

The knowledge of a region's vulnerability to health challenges helps to anticipate scenarios, better plan, define and operationalize coping strategies. This study developed a green area (“greenness”) socioenvironmental vulnerability index (IVSA + V), considering three dimensions: demographic, health/sanitary and environmental in the microregion of Porto Seguro, Bahia, through secondary data of ten variables, (Urban Tree Coverage; Municipal Human Development Index; Basic Education Development Index; Estimated Population; Population Density; Sanitary Exhaustion; Waste Collection; SUS Health Facilities; Child Mortality and Arboviruses), available from public agency sites. The vulnerability concept is a term still in a construction process, as it is commonly used for various areas of knowledge, and can be delimited according to its use in various fields of this plurality and variety. The  IVSA + V is a synthetic index for considering the interaction between demographic, health and environmental data, but considering urban tree coverage as one of the most important determinants of the vulnerability assessment process. The municipalities of Itagimirim, Itamaraju, Itanhém, Lajedão, Mucuri, Santa Cruz Cabralia and Vereda reported a low IVSA + V whilst the IVSA + V was moderated for most cities: Alcobaça, Caravelas, Eunápolis, Guaratinga, Ibirapuã, Itabela, Jucuruçu, Medeiros Neto, Nova Viçosa, Porto Seguro, Prado and Teixeira de Freitas. These results are in line with a recent study entitled “Metropolises, vegetation cover, green areas and health”, a study area that has been gaining prominence, suggesting that a “greener” environment, improves the resilience of cities and their populations, influencing positively on their life and health quality.